Stiff Porridge and Child Nutrition: A Systematic Review of Nutritional Value, Fortification, and Role in Combating Undernutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa

Abstract

Stiff porridge, commonly called ugali, nsima, sadza, and posho, is one of the main dietary staples in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and a key component of complementary feeding for children. Though culturally acceptable and relatively affordable, stiff porridge raises concerns about its nutrient adequacy and the risk of undernutrition among dependent communities. Therefore, this systematic review assessed the nutritional value of stiff porridge and associated problems of child nutrition in SSA. Literature was retrieved from PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and FAO/WHO databases covering 2005-2023 with the keywords “stiff porridge”, “child nutrition Africa”, “porridge fortification”, and “undernutrition.” Studies were included if they assessed nutrient composition, child growth outcomes, and fortification strategies.  A total of forty-three studies were included in the study. Results show that stiff porridge is a reliable source of energy, although it is of poor protein quality, lacking important micronutrients, including iron, zinc, vitamin A, and calcium. Diets primarily composed of unfortified porridge are correlated with high incidences of stunting, anemia, and hidden hunger in children under five. The results further suggest that food-based fortification strategies, incorporating soybeans, ground nuts, amaranth, pumpkin seeds, and orange-fleshed sweet potato, greatly enhance protein content, micronutrient density, and child growth results. Furthermore, nutrition-sensitive interventions such as school feeding programs, home fortification, and community-level supplementation enhance the nutritional value of stiff porridge and its acceptance. Stiff porridge, as it is usually prepared, is limited nutritionally but provides a great opportunity for SSA to enter successfully into a culturally accepted terrain for addressing child undernutrition. Planned fortification coupled with nutrition education, policy support, and dietary diversification will give stiff porridge a much better chance to become an instrument for the enhancement of child growth, development, and long-term health.