Sociodemographic and Dietary Determinants of Oral Health Among the Elderly: A Cross- Sectional Study in Batouri District, Cameroon

Abstract

Global aging brings physiological and psychological changes that often result in poor oral health. Common conditions among the elderly, such as caries, gingivitis, and edentulism, impair chewing and increase the risk of malnutrition. In Batouri, Cameroon, these problems are further aggravated by socio-demographic factors and dietary habits. This study aimed to investigate the association between dietary habits, socio-demographic determinants, and oral health among older adults in this region. A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out from February 22 to June 22, 2020, involving 410 individuals aged 60 and above. Data collection combined a structured questionnaire covering demographic characteristics, dietary habits, and oral health status with oral examinations and interviews. Additionally, the Food Diversity Score (FDS), an indicator of food variety, was assessed. Statistical analysis employed the chi-square test with a significance threshold of p = 0.05. The results revealed that age, gender, and education significantly influenced oral health outcomes (p = 0.001). Specifically, gingivitis was most frequent among participants aged 66–70 (19.5%), while caries was more prevalent in the 71–75 (9.3%) and 81+ (15.9%) age groups. Edentulism peaked at 15.9% in individuals aged 81 and over. Gender differences were evident, with women exhibiting higher rates of gingivitis (36.6%) and caries (16.1%), whereas men showed more cases of edentulism (17.6%). Moreover, uneducated individuals were disproportionately affected by gingivitis (39.5%) and caries (13.7%). A low FDS correlated with a higher prevalence of gingivitis (40%), and caries was common (45.9%) among those consuming sweet products three times per week. These findings underscore a strong link between oral health, dietary patterns, and socio-demographic factors in the elderly population of Batouri. Consequently, targeted community-based oral health programs that address local dietary habits and socio-demographic profiles are recommended, emphasizing nutrition education, improved access to dental care, and culturally sensitive preventive measures.